[12].Forgeneraldiscussionsofthesereforms,seeKlein,PatternofLandTenureReform;Froehlich,LandTenure;,”LandReforminthePostwarEra,”LandEconomics(August,1957);,”TheEconomicBasisofLandReforminUnderdevelopedCountries,”LandEconomics(May,1961);,”TheAgrarian-BasedDevelopmentPolicyinLandReform,”LandEconomics(August,1963);andDoreenWarriner,LandReformandEconomicDevelopment(Cairo:NationalBankofEgypt,1955).Noneofthesediscussions,however,providea,whichisperhapsthemostplicated,,LandReforminJapan(London:OxfordUniversityPress,1959);TakekayuOgura,ed.,AgriculturalDevelopmentinModernJapan(Tokyo:JapanFAOAssociation,1963);MinistryofAgricultureandForestry,AgriculturalLandReformLegislation(Tokyo,1949);SupremeCommanderAlliedPowers,,FarmTenancyinJapan(Tokyo,1947);,JapaneseLandReformProgram(Tokyo,1950).ForKorea,,”LandReforminSouthKorea,”PacificAffairs,www.youxs.org(June,1949).ForthePhilippines,seeBull,”PhilippineLandReform.”ForVietnam,”VietnameseLandTransferProgram,”LandEconomics(May,1957).ForIran,,”TheAgrarian-BasedDevelopmentofIran,”LandEconomics(February,1960);,”AgricultureintheEconomicDevelopmentofIran,”LandEconomics(November,1960).ForIraq,seeWarrenAdams,”ReflectionsofRecentLandReformExperienceinIraq,”LandEconomics(May,1963);,”LandReforminIraq:EconomicandSocialImplications,”LandEconomics(February,1961).NowhereintheliteratureonTaiwanlandreform,however,couldI,forexample,www.youxs.org,”UnitedStatesPolicytowardAgrarianReforminUnderdevelopedNations,”LandEconomics(August,1961).
www.youxs.org
Beforeproceedingtotheformaltheoryofsharetenancy,letusinvestigateherethenatureoffarmlandownershipinTaiwanbefore1949—thesystemuponwhichtherentalsharereductionwasimposedinthefirstphaseofthereform.[1]Weshallconcentrateonthelawsgoverningprivatefarmlands:atotalof672,000hectares,56percentofwhichwereundertenancy.[2]
Theterm”privateownership”asappliedtoChineselawimpliesexclusivityinusingcertainrights.[3]Theprimaryownershiprightattachedtoprivatefarmlandswastherighttofarm,whichmeant”theutilizationoflandthroughtheapplicationoflaborandcapital”(Article80).[4]Thus,therighttofarmistherighttoproduceagriculturalproductsasasourceofine.[5]ThespatiallimitordimensionoftherightwasspecifiedbytheCivilCode,,,accordingtothesamearticles,wasinperpetuity.
Turningtotheprovisionsgoverningthetransfersofrights,whichareimportanttotheunderstandingofresourceallocationundertenancy,weencounterasomewhatplexsetoflegalprovisionswhichcanbesimplifiedasfollows:
OutrightTransfers
Accordingtotheprereformlandlaw,landownershipwasnotfreelyalienable;thatis,theowne”theownershipofprivatefarmlandshallbetransferredonlytosuchtransfereesascancultivatethelandthemselvesafterthetransferiseffected(www.youxs.org).”[6]Butsinceatransfereewhocancultivatemaynotnecessarilydosohimself,thisstip,undertenancy,,however,wasrequiredtopay”thesametermsasareofferedtoanyotherperson.”[7]Thisconditionvirtuallynullifiedthetenantspreferentialrighttopurchase,s,thelandowner(lessor),restrictionsonoutrighttransferswerenegligible.
MortgageandPerpetualLease
LandrightsotherthanownershipasprovidedbytheChinesecivilcodeincludemortgage,yungtien,
Byyungtienismeanttherightpermanentlytouseanotherpersonslandforthepurposeofcultivationorpasturingbypayingarenttherefor[CivilCode,www.youxs.org];theyungtien-holdermaytransferhisrighttoanotherperson[CivilCode,www.youxs.org],buthemaynotsubleasethelandtoanotherperson[CivilCode,www.youxs.org].
Inshort,yungtienisaconditionalperpetuallease,and”iftherentwhichtheyungtien-holderhasfailedtopayamountstotheequivalentoftwoyearstotalrent,thelandownermay……revoketheyungtien”(CivilCode,www.youxs.org).
Bydienismeanttherighttotakepossessionofanotherpersonsimmovablepropertyandtouseittoenjoyinestherefrombypayingapriceforit[CivilCode,www.youxs.org].Thedien-holdermaytransfertherighttodientoanotherperson[CivilCode,www.youxs.org],orleasethepropertytoanotherpersonunderdien[CivilCode,www.youxs.org].Ifthedien-6b\\gOYfailstoredeemitattheoriginalpricewithintwoyearsaftertheexpirationofthecontractualperiodofdien,thedien-ho\&QYshallacquiretheownershipofthepropertyunderdien[CivilCode,www.youxs.org].
Thus,dienisanarrangementfortransferringrightsresemblingmortgagingandleasing.
OrdinaryLease
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